Physiology and Medicine Award

Nobel Prize Laureates in Physiology and Medicine

2022
Svante Paabo
"For discoveries in the field of extinct hominid genomes and human evolution."

2021
David Julius, Ardem Pataputyan
"For the discovery of temperature and touch receptors."

2020
Harvey Alter, Michael Houghton, Charles Rice.
"For his contribution to the study of hepatitis C".

2019
William Kaelin Jr., Peter Ratcliffe, Gregg Semenza
"For research on how cells sense and adapt to changes in oxygen levels in the environment."

2018
James Ellison, Tasku Honjo
"For the discovery of cancer therapy by removing the limitation of the immune response."

2017
Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael Young
"For the discovery of the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms."

2016
Yoshinori Osumi
"For revealing the mechanisms of autophagy."

2015
William Campbell, Satoshi Omura (1/2 Prize)
"For discoveries in the field of combating parasite worms."
Yuu Tu (1/2 award) "For discoveries in the field of malaria control".

2014
John O'Keefe, Mae Britt Moser, Edward Moser
"For work on the cell biology of the brain."

2013
James Rothman, Randy Sheckman, Thomas Sudhof
"For discoveries in the field of regulation of vesicular transport in cells."

2012
John Gurdon, Shinya Yamanaka
"For his work in the field of developmental biology and the production of induced stem cells."

2011
Jules Hoffman (1/4 prize), Bruce Bettler (1/4 prize)
"For work on the study of the activation of innate immunity."
Ralph Steinman (1/2 prize, posthumously)
"For the discovery of dendritic cells and the study of their significance for acquired immunity."

2010
Robert Edwards
"For the technology of artificial insemination in vitro".

2009
Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, Jack Shostak
"For the discovery of mechanisms for the protection of chromosomes by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."

2008
Harald zur Hausen, Francoise Barre-Sinussi, Luc Montagnier
"For the discovery of the human papillomavirus causing cervical cancer" and "For the discovery of HIV".

2007
Mario Capecci, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies
"For discovering the principles of introducing specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells."

2006
Andrew Fire, Craig Mello
"For the discovery of RNA interference - the effect of quenching the activity of certain genes."

2005
Barry Marshall, Robin Warren
"For work on the study of the effect of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori on the occurrence of gastritis and ulcers of the stomach and duodenum."

2004
Richard Excel, Linda Buck
"For research on olfactory receptors and the organization of the olfactory organ system."

2003
Paul Lauterbourg, Peter Mansfield
"For the invention of the magnetic resonance imaging method."

2002
Sidney Brenner, Robert Horwitz, John Sulston
"For discoveries in the field of genetic regulation of the development of human organs."

2001
Leland Hartwell, Timothy Hunt, Paul Ners
"For the discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle."

2000
Arvid Karlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel
"For discoveries related to the transmission of signals in the nervous system."

1999
Gunther Blobel
"For the detection of signaling amino acid sequences in protein molecules responsible for the targeted transport of proteins in the cell."

1998
Robert Ferchgott, Luis Ignarro, Ferid Murad
"For discovering the role of nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the regulation of the cardiovascular system."

1997
Stanley Prusiner
"For the discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection."

1996
Peter Doherty, Rolf Zinkernagel
"For discoveries in the field of the human immune system, in particular, its ability to detect cells affected by the virus."

1995
Edward Lewis, Christiane Nyuslein-Folhard, Eric Vishaus
"For discoveries concerning genetic control in the early stages of embryonic development."

1994
Alfred Gilman, Martin Rodbell
"For the discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transmission in the cell."

1993
Richard Roberts, Phillip Sharp
"For the discovery, independently of each other, of the discontinuous structure of the gene."

1992
Edmond Fisher, Edwin Krebs
"For discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a mechanism of biological regulation."

1991
Erwin Neher, Bert Zachman
"For discoveries concerning the functions of single ion channels in cells."

1990
Joseph Murray, Edward Donnall Thomas
"For discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of diseases."

1989
John Michael Bishop, Harold Warmus
"For the discovery of the cellular nature of retroviral oncogenes."

1988
James Black, Gertrude Elyon, George Hitchings
"For the discovery of important principles of drug therapy."

1987
Suzumi Tonegawa
"For the discovery of the genetic principle for the generation of a variety of antibodies."

1986
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
"In recognition of discoveries of crucial importance for the disclosure of mechanisms regulating the growth of cells and organs."

1985
Michael Brown, Joseph Goldstein
"For outstanding discoveries concerning cholesterol metabolism and the treatment of cholesterol disorders in the blood."

1984
Niels Erne, Georg Koehler, Cesar Milstein
"For the discovery and development of principles for the production of monoclonal antibodies using hybrids."

1983
Barbara McClintock
"For the discovery of transposing genetic systems."

1982
Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelson, John Wayne
"For discoveries concerning prostaglandins and biologically active substances close to them."

1981
Roger Sperry
"For discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres."
David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
"For discoveries concerning the principles of information processing in neural structures."

1980
Baruch Benacerraf, Jean Dosse, George Snell
"For discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immune responses."

1979
Allan Cormack, Godfrey Hounsfield
"For the development of computed tomography."

1978
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith
"For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application in molecular genetics."

1977
Roger Guillemin, Andrew Shally
"For discoveries related to the secretion of peptide hormones of the brain."
Rosalyn Sasmen Yalou
"For the development of radioimmunological methods for the determination of peptide hormones."

1976
Baruch Blumberg, Carlton Gaydushek
"For discoveries concerning new mechanisms of origin and spread of infectious diseases."

1975
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Temin
"For discoveries concerning the interaction between oncogenic viruses and the genetic material of the cell."

1974
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George Palade
"For discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."

1973
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nicolaas Tinbergen
"For discoveries related to the creation and establishment of models of individual and group behavior of animals."

1972
Gerald Edelman, Rodney Porter
"For discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."

1971
Earl Sutherland
"For discoveries concerning the mechanisms of action of hormones."

1970
Bernard Katz, Ulf von Oiler, Julius Axelrod
"For discoveries concerning humoral transmitters in nerve endings and the mechanisms of their storage, isolation and inactivation."

1969
Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey, Salvador Luria
"For discoveries concerning the mechanism of replication and the genetic structure of viruses."

1968
Robert Holley, Har Gobind of the Koran, Marshall Nirenberg
"For deciphering the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis."

1967
Ragnar Granit, Holden Hartline, George Wald
"For discoveries related to the primary physiological and chemical visual processes occurring in the eye."

1966
Frances Peyton Rouse
"For the discovery of oncogenic viruses."
Charles Brenton Huggins
"For discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostate cancer."

1965
Francois Jacob, Andre Lviv, Jacques Mono
"For discoveries concerning the genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses."

1964
Konrad Bloch, Theodor Linen
"For discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism."

1963
John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
"For discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in peripheral and central areas of nerve cells."

1962
Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins
"For discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their significance for the transmission of information in living systems."

1961
Gyorgy von Bekeshi
"For the discovery of the physical mechanisms of perception of irritation by the snail."

1960
Macfarlane Burnett, Peter Brian Medawar
"For the discovery of artificial immune tolerance (tolerance)".

1959
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
"For the discovery of the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids."

1958
George Beadle, Edward Tatem
"For discoveries concerning the role of genes in specific biochemical processes."
Joshua Lederberg
"For discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of genetic material in bacteria."

1957
Daniele Bove
"For discoveries concerning synthetic compounds that block the action of certain substances of the body, and for the discovery of their effect on the vascular system and muscles."

1956
Andre Kurnan, Werner Forsman, Dickinson Richards
"For discoveries concerning cardiac catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."

1955
Hugo Theorell
"For discoveries concerning the nature and mechanism of action of oxidative enzymes."

1954
John Enders, Thomas Weller, Frederick Robbins
"For discovering the ability of the polio virus to grow in cultures of various tissues."

1953
Hans Adolf Krebs
"For the discovery of the citric acid cycle."
Fritz Albert Lipman
"For the discovery of coenzyme A and its significance for intermediate stages of metabolism."

1952
Zelman Waxman
"For the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis."

1951
Max Tayler
"For discoveries related to yellow fever and the fight against it."

1950
Edward Kendall, Tadeusz Reichstein, Philip Hench
"For discoveries concerning hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."

1949
Walter Hess
"For the discovery of the functional organization of the intermediate brain as a coordinator of the activity of internal organs."
Egash Monish
"For the discovery of the therapeutic effects of leukotomy in some mental illnesses."

1948
Paul Hermann Muller
"For the discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison."

1947
Carl Ferdinand Corey, Gertie Theresa Corey
"For the discovery of the catalytic transformation of glycogen."
Bernardo Alberto Usai
"For discovering the role of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland in glucose metabolism."

1946
Herman Joseph Moeller
"For the discovery of the appearance of mutations under the influence of X-ray irradiation."

1945
Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Walter Florey
"For the discovery of penicillin and its healing effects in various infectious diseases."

1944
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
"For discoveries related to the highly differentiated functions of individual nerve fibers."

1943 (awarded in 1944)
Henrik Karl Peter Dam (awarded in 1944)
"For the discovery of vitamin K."
Eduard Adalbert Doisi
"For the discovery of the chemical structure of vitamin K".

1940-1942: the prize was not awarded, the funds were included in the special fund of the section (2/3) and the Nobel Foundation (1/3).

1939
Gerhard Domagk
"For the discovery of the antibacterial effect of prontosil."

1938 (awarded in 1939)
Korney Heymans
"For the discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration."

1937
Albert St. Gyorgy
"For discoveries in the field of biological oxidation processes, especially related to the study of vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid."

1936
Henry Dale, Otto Levy
"For discoveries related to the chemical transmission of nerve impulses."

1935
Hans Spemann
"For the discovery of organizing effects in embryonic development."

1934
George Whipple, George Minot, William Murphy
"For discoveries related to the use of the liver in the treatment of pernicious anemia."

1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan
"For discoveries related to the role of chromosomes in heredity."

1932
Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
"For discoveries concerning the functions of neurons."

1931
Otto Heinrich Warburg
"For the discovery of the nature and mechanism of action of the respiratory enzyme."

1930
Karl Landsteiner
"For the discovery of human blood groups."

1929
Christian Eikman
"For his contribution to the discovery of vitamins."
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
"For the discovery of vitamins that stimulate growth processes."

1928
Charles Nicole
"The establishment of the transmitter of typhoid fever – the dress lice."

1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
"For the discovery of the therapeutic effect of malaria infection in the treatment of progressive paralysis."

1926 (awarded in 1927)
Johannes Fibiger, "For the discovery of carcinoma caused by Spiroptera".

1925: the prize was not awarded, the funds were included in the special fund of the section.

1924
Willem Einthoven
"For the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."

1923
Frederick Bunting, John McLeod
"For the discovery of insulin."

1922 (awarded in 1923)
Archibald Hill
"For discoveries in the field of heat generation in the muscle."
Otto Meyerhoff
"For the discovery of a close relationship between the process of oxygen absorption and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle."

1921: the prize was not awarded, the funds were included in the special fund of the section.

1920
August Krog
"For the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the lumen of capillaries."

1919 (awarded in 1920)
Jules Bordet
"For discoveries related to immunity."

1915-1918: the prize was not awarded, the funds were included in the special fund of the section.

1914 (awarded in 1915)
Robert Barani
"For work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus."

1913
Charles Richet
"In recognition of his work on anaphylaxis."

1912
Alexis Carrel
"For recognition of work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs."

1911
Alvar Gulstrand
"For the work on the diopter of the eye."

1910
Albrecht Kossel
"For the contribution to the study of cell chemistry made by the research of proteins, including nucleic substances."

1909
Emil Theodor Kocher
"For his work in the field of physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland."

1908
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
"For his work on immunity."

1907
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
"For the study of the role of protozoa in diseases."

1906
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramon y Cajal
"In recognition of works on the structure of the nervous system."

1905
Robert Koch
"For research and discoveries concerning the treatment of tuberculosis."

1904
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
"For work on the physiology of digestion."

1903
Nils Ruberg Finzen
"In recognition of his achievements in the treatment of diseases – especially lupus – with the help of concentrated light radiation, which opened up new broad horizons for medical science."

1902
Ronald Ross
"For his work on malaria, in which he showed how the pathogen enters the body, and thereby laid the foundation for further successful research in this area and the development of methods to combat malaria."

1901
Emil Adolf von Behring
"For the work on serum therapy, mainly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria, which opened new paths in medical science and gave doctors a victorious weapon against disease and death."